Opening Act

Based on research by Alessandro Piazza

• Professional musicians often come to question the value of playing second fiddle to anyone – even an A-lister.
• Research by Rice Business professor Alessandro Piazza confirms the musicians are right to wonder: bands that consistently open up for groups with higher status earn less money – and are more likely to break up than those that don’t.
• These findings fly in the face of much existing business research, which concludes that affiliating with high-status colleagues often gives newcomers a professional boost.

In a timeless scene from the mockumentary "This Is Spinal Tap," an 80s metal band swaggers in for a performance only to find they’re billed second to a puppet show. Though the film is farce, real musicians often come to question the value of playing second fiddle to anyone – even an A-lister.

Now research by Rice Business professor Alessandro Piazza and colleagues Damon J. Phillips and Fabrizio Castellucci confirms those musicians are right to wonder. In fact, they discovered, the only thing worse than performing after a puppet may be opening up for an idol. Bands that consistently open up for groups with higher status, the researchers found, earn less money – and are more likely to break up than those that don’t.

“Three cheers,” The Economist wrote about the researchers, for confirming “what many people in the music industry have long suspected – that being the opening band for a big star is not a first class ticket to success.”

While the findings may be intuitive for seasoned musicians, they fly in the face of existing business research. Most research about affiliations concludes that hobnobbing with high-status colleagues gives lowly newcomers a boost. Because affiliations give access to resources and information, the reasoning goes, it’s linked with individual- and firm-level successes such as landing jobs and starting new ventures. 

Both individuals and organizations, one influential study notes, benefit from the “sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships.”

That’s largely because in many fields up and comers must fight to be taken seriously – or noticed at all. This problem is often called “the liability of newness:” In order to succeed, industry newcomers first need to be considered legitimate by the audience they’re trying to woo. 
Showing off shiny friends is a classic solution. In many fields, after all, linking oneself with a high-status partner is simply good branding: a shorthand signal to audiences or consumers that if a top dog has given their approval, the newcomer must surely have some of the same excellent qualities.  

Unfortunately, this doesn’t always hold true – especially in the creative world, Piazza’s team found. In the frantic world of haute cuisine, for example, a faithful apprentice to a celebrity chef may actually suffer for all those burns and cuts in the star’s hectic kitchen. Unless they can create meals that are not just spectacular, but show off a distinct style, consumers may sneer at the newcomer as a knockoff of the true master. 

So what determines if reflected glory makes newcomers shine or merely eclipses them? It has to do with how much attention there is to go around, Piazza said. While partnering with a star helps in some fields, it can be a liability when success depends on interaction between audience and performer. That’s because our attention – that is, ability to mentally focus on a specific subject – is finite. Consumers can only take in so much at a time. 

Marketers are acutely aware of this scarcity. Much of their time, after all, is spent battling for consumer attention in an environment swamped by competitors. The more rivals for advertising attention, research shows, the less a consumer will recall of any one ad. In the world of finance, publicly traded companies also live and die on attention, in the form of analyst coverage of their stocks and angel investors’ largesse.

Musicians who perform live, Piazza said, are battling for attention in a field that’s gotten progressively more fierce, due to lower album sales and shorter career spans. Performing in the orbit of a major distraction such as Taylor Swift or Beyoncé, however, only reduces the attention the opening act gets, the researchers found. Though performances are just a few hours, the attention drain can do lasting harm both to revenue and career longevity.

To reach these conclusions, the researchers analyzed data about the live performances and careers of 1,385 new bands between 2000 and 2005. Supplementing this with biographical and genre information about each band along with musician interviews, the team then analyzed the concert revenue and artistic survival of each band. 

They discovered that in live music, high status affiliation onstage clearly diluted audience attention to newcomers – translating into less revenue and lower chance of survival.

In part, the revenue loss also stems from the fact that even in big stadium performances, performing with superstars rarely enriches the underdogs. According to a 2014 Billboard magazine report, headliners in the U.S. typically absorb 30 to 40 percent of gross event revenues; intermediate acts garner 20 to 30 percent and opening acts for established artists bring as little as $15,000.

The findings were surprising, and perhaps dispiriting, enough for the researchers to carefully spell out their scope. Affiliation’s positive effects, they said, are most often found in environments of collaboration and learning – for example academia. In these settings, a superstar not only can bestow a halo effect, but can share actual resources or information. In the music world, however, the fleeting nature of a shared performance makes it hard for a superstar band to share much with a lower-ranked band except, perhaps, some euphoric memories.

Interestingly, in many businesses it’s easy for observers to quickly assume affiliations between disparate groups. In the investment banking industry, for instance, research shows that audiences infer status hierarchies among banks merely by reading “tombstone advertisements,” the announcements of security offerings in major business publications. Readers assume underwriting banks to be affiliated with each other when they’re listed as being part of the same syndicate – even if the banks actually have little to do with each other beyond pooling capital in the same deal. 

In the music business, star affiliations mainly help an opening act a) if the audience understands there’s an affiliation and b) if they believe the link is intentional. But that’s not always the case because promoters and others in Big Music often line up opening bands. When possible, though, A-listers can do their opening acts a solid by making it clear that they’ve chosen them to perform there.

Otherwise, Piazza and his colleagues concluded, the light shed by musical supernovas typically gets lost in the darkened stadium. For the long term, business-minded bands may do best by working with peers in more modest venues – places where the attention they do get, like in Spinal Tap’s classic metric, goes all the way up to 11.

Alessandro Piazza is an assistant professor of strategic management at Jones Graduate School of Business at Rice University.

To learn more, please see: Piazza, A., Phillips, D. J. and Castellucci, F. High-Status Affiliations and the Success of Entrants: New
Bands and the Market for Live Music Performances, 2000–2012. In-press at Organization Science